The article from NBC Chicago highlights the strong support Illinois fire chiefs are showing for the residential sprinkler proposal put forward by State Fire Marshal Larry Matkaitis. Many of these fire chiefs are praising the initiative, seeing it as a significant move towards making the state safer. Fire Marshal Matkaitis has submitted the new state code to the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules in Springfield. One of the key aspects of this proposed code is the requirement for fire sprinklers in all newly constructed single-family homes. Michael Falese, the chief of the Bartlett Fire Department and president of the Illinois Fire Chiefs Association, expressed his belief that now is the right time to implement this change. He emphasized that the primary goal of this initiative is the preservation of life. Interestingly, some communities already require fire sprinklers in new homes. In fact, 91 jurisdictions across the U.S. have such regulations, indicating a growing trend. Should Illinois adopt this code, it would join California and Maryland as one of the few states mandating residential sprinklers. Falese humorously compared the current resistance to past opposition faced by similar safety measures like smoke detectors, which were once met with skepticism but are now widely accepted. In Lake Zurich, Mike McNally, fire marshal for the Countryside Fire Prevention District, pointed out that residents in his district have embraced the presence of sprinklers. Since Long Grove became the first Illinois community to enforce sprinkler requirements in 1988, over 1,600 homes in their area are now equipped with these systems. McNally noted that their experience has been positive, emphasizing how quickly temperatures can rise in a room during a fire, reaching up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit within just a couple of minutes. Turning to another related article, it's clear that updating the state fire code has been long overdue. After 12 years with the existing code, Illinois Fire Marshal Matkaitis is pushing for changes, particularly the introduction of a first-time requirement for fire sprinklers in all new single-family homes, including those in Chicago. He firmly believes that every resident deserves safe housing, a sentiment shared by other state fire marshals across the nation. However, this proposed change has sparked tension between Matkaitis and Chicago authorities. The city argues it doesn't have to comply with the state fire code due to its home rule privileges, especially regarding the contentious issue of installing sprinklers in older residential high-rises. Matkaitis counters that the state law applies uniformly across Illinois, regardless of location. The current code, known as NFPA 101, was established in 2000 by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The updated 2012 version, which Matkaitis plans to propose for state adoption, reflects advancements in fire safety. NFPA President James Shannon supports the mandatory sprinkler installations, stating that they significantly reduce the risk of fatalities in fires. Despite this, Chicago remains resistant, citing high costs for retrofitting older buildings. Even after the tragic Cook County Administration Building fire in 2003, where an investigative commission highlighted the need for stricter regulations, Chicago has continued to delay implementing comprehensive sprinkler requirements. This reluctance has led to criticism from fire safety advocates, who argue that lives could be saved with better fire protection measures. Matkaitis insists that Chicago’s current life safety code falls short of the standards set by NFPA 101. He challenges the city’s claim of home rule authority, pointing out historical statutes that limit such claims. Meanwhile, Shannon from NFPA urged Chicago to take the lead on this issue, highlighting the importance of protecting both buildings and their inhabitants. The ongoing debate is further complicated by NFPA's annual convention held in Chicago, where Shannon reiterated the necessity of adopting stricter fire safety codes. He argued that unnecessary deaths in non-sprinklered buildings are preventable, urging Chicago to embrace leadership in this critical area.

Exhaust Valve

The role of the valve is specifically responsible for the input of air into the engine and exhaust the exhaust gas after combustion. From the engine structure, it is divided into Intake Valve and exhaust valve.
The role of the intake valve is to draw air into the engine and mix it with the fuel to burn; The function of the exhaust valve is to discharge the exhaust gas after combustion and dissipate heat.

The valve is composed of a valve head and a rod. The valve head temperature is very high (intake valve 570~670K, exhaust valve 1050~1200K), but also withstand the pressure of the gas, the valve spring force and the transmission component inertia force, its lubrication, cooling conditions are poor, requiring the valve must have a certain strength, stiffness, heat and wear resistance.
The intake valve is generally made of alloy steel (chromium steel, nickel-chromium steel), and the exhaust valve is made of heat-resistant alloy (silicon chromium steel).
Sometimes in order to save heat resistant alloy, the exhaust valve head is made of heat resistant alloy, and the rod is made of chromium steel, and then the two are welded together.
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