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**2. Technical Ways to Increase Seed Production**
The production of hybrid sugar beet seeds differs significantly from that of other crops. It requires the plants to survive a long winter season before being transplanted, and then produce seeds. Every step before and after wintering plays a crucial role in increasing seed yield.
**2.1 Female Root Breeding**
**2.1.1 Selection of Mother Root Breeding Fields**
In addition to meeting standard isolation requirements for seed production, it is essential to choose flat land with good irrigation, fertile soil, no salinity or alkalinity issues, and fields free from tall crops. These conditions help ensure uniform root size, ease of winter storage, and improved multiplication rate.
**2.1.2 Fertilization and Sowing**
After the early July harvest of winter wheat, the soil should be prepared and fertilized thoroughly. The fertilizer strategy should focus on high phosphorus and potassium levels, with limited nitrogen. Soil preparation must be fine, level, and free of crop residues. Due to the high cost of sugar beet parent seeds, accurate sowing techniques are vital, along with irrigation methods like sprinkler or drip systems—flood irrigation is strictly avoided. Plant density should be between 11,000 and 13,000 per hectare.
**2.1.3 Management of the Mother Root Field**
Field management involves regular weeding and watering to maintain healthy, uniform seedlings. Controlling water usage later in the season is critical. As temperatures drop and natural precipitation increases in October, irrigation should be stopped to reduce moisture in the roots, improving air circulation during storage.
**2.1.4 Timely Harvesting and Storage**
Roots should be harvested before the soil freezes. Care must be taken not to damage the apical buds or white skin, and petioles should be trimmed to less than 0.5 cm. Storage pits should be located in elevated, dry, and sheltered areas. Roots are stored at a depth of 30–40 cm, with vent holes every 3–5 meters. Soil coverage should be gradually increased as temperatures drop. During storage, roots must remain hydrated, unfrozen, and free from rot. Leaves should be removed to prevent heat-induced rot, and rodent control is essential.
**2.2 Mother Root Planting**
**2.2.1 Planting Time and Methods**
After several months of winter storage, timely planting is crucial. Early planting risks frost damage, while late planting can lead to wilting and excessive sprout growth, which may harm the plant after transplanting. In Ili Prefecture, the best time is from late March to early April.
**2.2.2 Parental Planting Ratio and Management**
The male-to-female ratio is 1:4. Male rows are spaced at 60 cm x 80 cm, while female rows are 60 cm x 60 cm. Parents must be clearly distinguished to avoid confusion. When female plants reach 30–35 cm in height, the main stem should be topped to encourage branching. Once inflorescences grow, their tops should be removed to promote lower flowering and better grain development.
**2.2.3 Flowering Regulation and Pollination**
Flowering timing is adjusted through topping and pruning. If the male flowers bloom earlier, their flowering period can be delayed. If they bloom late, manual pollination using insects or artificial methods can improve seed set.
**2.2.4 Fertilization and Top Dressing**
After planting, the mother roots grow rapidly, requiring both vegetative and reproductive nutrients. Organic fertilizers and balanced phosphorus and potassium should be used, with limited nitrogen. Half of the chemical fertilizers are applied deep in the soil before winter, and the rest are used during spring planting. Top dressing helps meet nutrient needs, especially for pollen development. Fertilizers rich in potassium and boron are recommended to improve seed filling and setting rates.
**2.2.5 Timely Watering**
After transplanting and topping, the plants enter a rapid growth phase. Adequate water is essential during the flowering and filling stages. Typically, three to four irrigations are needed after planting. Watering should stop about half a month before maturity to avoid overgrowth and poor seed development.
**2.3 Timely Harvesting**
Seeds are ready for harvest when the lower branches turn grayish yellow and the outer layer of the seeds darkens. After threshing, seeds should be spread out, not piled, with a maximum thickness of 40 cm. Moisture should be reduced to around 9% before storage. Proper processing and packaging allow the seeds to be sold.
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